Yes, that's very common. A similar effect can be had using words like, "Really?" and "Seriously?"
It can be rhetorical, but doesn't have be. In fact, perhaps the most common use is to express mild surprise, thereby inviting the other person to elaborate. Facial expression and tone of voice can help decide wnat the precise meaning is, as well as any additional words the person asking may add. For example:
You: She likes apples.
Me: [surprised] She does? But she told me she hates all fruit.
But as I say, it is possible to use it rhetorically:
You: She likes me.
Me: [grinning] She does? Yeah, well you keep telling yourself that sunshine.